The Ethics Of Stem Cell Research - 1643 Words

Michael Thomas Philosophy 3520 Bioethics The Ethics of Stem Cell Research Science fiction has tried to encapsulate social responses that could arise with the development of genetically altered or â€Å"enhanced† human beings. Regenerative medicine, genetic cloning and life extension are all terms that sound like they came out of a fantastic film or novel, though they are in fact subjects of great research and heated debates. Embryonic stem cells are arguably the quintessential building block of life itself. They’re â€Å"undifferentiated cells produced after a fertilized egg has divided several times and developed into a blastocyst,† which is â€Å"a hollow ball of cells† inside which is a group of â€Å"fifteen to twenty embryonic stem cells.†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦One of which is the belief that from the moment of conception, a fertilized egg is â€Å"a human subject with a well defined identity.† Any form of harm being committed against this innocent life should be considered inhumane. A developing cell mass, even in the beginning stages of life has all of the rights a human child would have. Many researchers believe that there is potential to reach a point where embryonic research may lead to breakthroughs in adult stem cells which are not obtained from, and thus do not mean the destruction of, embryos. However, it is the firm stance of the Magisterium of the Church that even a noble end cannot be justified with immoral means of obtaining it. Therefore, research should continue on adult stem cells so long as it does not incorporate the use or exploitation of embryonic stem cells, or even of cell lines that have already been developed using embryos. Therapeutic Cloning is a term used in conjunction with a branch of embryonic stem cell research in which an embryo is cloned and the clone is used for its stem cells, leaving the original embryo unscathed. According to â€Å"The Academy,† [Pontifical Academy for Life] using even a cloned embryo is considered to be morally objectionable. Each of the embryos in this

Atonement and Redemption, the Cure to Sin (Kite Runner)

Alex DaPonte Mrs. Gill College English March 27 2012 Atonement and Redemption, the Cure to Sin Sin will always be part of humanity, but the atonement of those sins is what matters in the end. What changes is the severity of the sin and the lengths one has to go in order to atone for those sins and redeem one’s self. In Hosseini’s novel, The Kite Runner, guilt, atonement of sins and redemption all show that no matter what a person’s sin may be, he or she will always be able to atone for that sin and find redemption. Amir’s sins are far worse than anything most people will ever go through, yet he is able to atone for his sins, let go of his guilt thus, finding redemption. Even before Amir was born, sin would be bound to him. Hayes†¦show more content†¦Amir has finally done what he should have done about twenty-eight years ago. Fighting Assef for Sohrab helps Amir reach atonement for the sin of not fighting Assef for Hassan. Amir was given a second chance in a similar scenario with the same evil character Assef, and with that second chance Amir breaks the cycle of his sins and is able to forgive himself, becoming a better person. While Assef was beating him, Amir laughs because of his new-found atonement and lack of guilt. †¦For the first time since the winter of 1975, I felt at peace. I laughed because I saw that, in some hidden nook in a corner of my mind, id even ben looking forward to this. I remembered the day on the hill I had pelted Hassan with pomegranates and tried to provoke him†¦ I hadn’t felt better, not at all. But I did now. My body was broken†¦but I felt healed. Healed at last. I laughed. (Hosseini 221) From here on Amir forgave himself and worked to make all the sins that burdened him right. â€Å"We were all born with a moral obligation to leave this world a little bit better than we found it† (Mcilrath). Amir finally forgives himself thus reaching redemption. After he fights Assef he wants to become a better person and be the father that he never had. Baba not only had sins of his own but gave some of his sins to Amir. Amir redeems these sins and will â€Å"leave this world a little better than† what he was born into. Sohrab was told that he would have to go

Introduction to Accounting Accounting and Business Economics

Question: Discuss about the Introduction to Accounting for Accounting and Business Economics . Answer: Introduction: The trial balance, comprehensive income statement and the balance sheet of Jackson and sons have been prepared in the first part. The second part of the report comprised of the analysis of the performance of the two selected companies that is a Tesco and Sainsbury. The analysis has been done using the profitability ratio, liquidity ratio and efficiency ratio. 1: In the Books of Jackson Sons Trial Balance as on 30/11/16 Trial Balance Adjustment Updated Trial Balance Particulars Debit Credit Debit Credit Debit Credit Retained Profit 173,475 173,475 Sales 950,000 950,000 Share Capital 100,000 100,000 Share Premium 200,000 200,000 Inventory 55,000 55,000 Purchases 350,000 350,000 Trade Payables 98,000 98,000 Trade Receivables 205,000 205,000 Bank 83,900 83,900 Motor Expenses 8,700 8,700 Maintenance 2,000 2,000 Salaries Wages 120,000 120,000 Administration Expenses 67,545 67,545 Telephone 2,100 2,100 4,200 Heat Light 3,800 1,000 2,800 Equipment at Cost 450,000 450,000 Provision for Depreciation equipment 45,000 40,500 85,500 Motor Vehicle at cost 120,000 120,000 Provision for Depreciation motor vehicle 6,000 18,000 24,000 Rent 128,000 8,000 120,000 Advertising 12,980 12,980 Bad Debts 5,450 5,450 Provision for Bad Debts 2,000 2,000 Long Term Debt 50,000 50,000 Interest 10,000 10,000 Equipment Depreciation 40,500 40,500 Motor Vehicle Depreciation 18,000 18,000 Prepayments 9,000 9,000 Accrual 2,100 2,100 Income Tax Expense 12,000 12,000 Provision for Income Tax 12,000 12,000 TOTAL 1,624,475 1,624,475 81,600 81,600 1,697,075 1,697,075 b) In the Books of Jackson Sons Income Statement for the period ended 30/11/2016 Particulars Amount Amount Sales Revenue 950,000 Cost of Goods Sold: Opening Inventory -55,000 Add: Purchases -350,000 Less: Closing Inventory -85,000 -320,000 Gross Profit 630,000 Operating Expenses: Motor Expenses -8,700 Maintenance -2,000 Salaries Wages -120,000 Administration Expenses -67,545 Telephone -4,200 Heat Light -2,800 Rent -120,000 Advertising -12,980 Bad Debts -5,450 Equipment Depreciation -40,500 Motor Vehicle Depreciation -18,000 Total Operating Expenses -402,175 Earnings before Interest Tax 227,825 Less: Interest -10,000 Earning before Tax 217,825 Less: Income Tax Expense -12,000 Net Profit for the Period 205,825 c) In the Books of Jackson Sons Balance Sheets as on 30/11/16 Particulars Amount Amount CURRENT ASSETS: Bank 83,900 Trade Receivable 205,000 Less: Provision for Bad Debts -2,000 203,000 Closing Inventory 85,000 Prepayments 9,000 TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS 380,900 NON-CURRENT ASSETS:- Equipment at Cost 450,000 Less: Provision for Equipment Depreciation -85,500 364,500 Motor Vehicle at Cost 120,000 Less: Provision for Motor Vehicle Depreciation -24,000 96,000 TOTAL NON-CURRENT ASSETS 460,500 TOTAL ASSETS 841,400 CURRENT LIABILITIES: Trade Payables 98,000 Accruals 2,100 Provision for Income Tax 12,000 TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES 112,100 NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES: Long Term Debt 50,000 TOTAL NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES 50,000 TOTAL LIABILITIES 162,100 EQUITY: Share Capital 100,000 Share Premium 200,000 Retained Earnings 173,475 Add: Net Profit for the Period 205,825 379,300 TOTAL EQUITY 679,300 TOTAL EQUITY LIABILITY 841,400 Workings for Depreciation:- Particulars Equipment Motor Vehicle Cost Price 450,000 120,000 Less: Accumulated Depreciation 45,000 0 Net Cost 405,000 120,000 Depreciation Rate 10% 15% Depreciation for the period 40,500 18,000 2: Introduction: The selected companies are Tesco and Sainsbury. For the purpose of analysis, the ratios selected from the profitability ratio are net profit margin and return on equity. The analysis of liquidity ratio is done using the current ratio and quick ratio. Under the efficiency ratio, the selected ratio for the analysis are receivables collection period and inventory turnover period. Profitability Ratio Analysis:- Looking at the calculated profitability ratios of Tesco, the net profit margin was 004% in the year 2013 and it rose to 153% in the year 2014. The ratio was -9.26% in the year 2015 as compared to other years. The ratio turned out to be negative in the financial year because it incurred net loss of 5766 million. The gross loss of the group reported to be 2695 million. All this was the reason attributable to the negative net profit margin. The return on equity also went down in the subsequent year. The ROE of the year 2013 was 0.14%, the ratio increased to 7% in the year 2014. The ratio was negative at -82% in the year 2015. It can be seen that the ratio have fallen and turned out be negative in the financial year 2015 and this was because the group incurred comprehensive loss(Collier 2015). Graph 1: Return on Equity Source: (created by author) There was a fall in the net profit margin of Sainsbury in the financial year 2015. The ratio for the year 2013 stood at 258% as compared to 2.99% in the financial year 2014. The ratio fell to -0.70% in the year 2015. The return on equity for the year 2013 was 10% as compared to 12% in the financial year 2014. The ratio turned negative and fell to -3% in the financial year 2015. The company incurred a loss in the financial year 2015 and the total comprehensive loss stood at 195 million for the year 2015. Graph 2: Net Profit Margin Source: (created by author) Liquidity Ratio Analysis:- The quick ratio initially increased and subsequently decreased in the year 2015. The ratio stood at 1.59 in the year 2013 as compared to 2.06 in the year 2014. The ratio was reported at 1.15 in the financial year 2015. The fall in the quick ratio is indicative of the fact that the company is relying too much on its inventories to clear off its short term obligations. The quick ratio of Sainsbury had an increasing trend. The quick ratio was calculated at 0.30 in the year 2013, which increased to 0.50 in the year 2014. The ratio further increased to 0.51 in the financial year 2015. The high quick ratio indicates that the company is able to meet its financial obligation suing the funds available in hand. It also indicates that the company might facing difficulties in collecting its receivables(Stoer and Bulirsch 2013). Graph 3: Quick Ratio Source: (created by author) The current ratio of Tesco stood at 2.67 in the year 2014 as compared to 2.22 in the year 2013. The ratio fell to 1.52 in the financial year 2015. Though the current ratio has fallen, the company is able to meet its short term obligations using its current ratio. The current ratio fell as there was reduction in the current assets held and the current liabilities increased. The current ratio of Sainsbury was reported at 0.61 in the year 2013 and the ratio increased to 0.65 in the financial year 2014. However, the ratio remained constant at 0.65 in the financial year 2015. The reason behind the increasing current ratio is that the current assets of the company increased in the year 2015 and the current liabilities also increased and the increasing ratio indicates a good sign as the company is able to meet its short term obligations suing its current assets(Black and Al-Kilani 2013). Graph 4: Current Ratio Source: (created by author) Efficiency Ratio Analysis:- Under the analysis of efficiency ratio, there is a consecutive fall in the receivable collection period. The collection period was 14.54 in the year 2013 and it fell to 12.58 and 12.43 in the year 2014 and 2015 respectively. The fall in the receivables collection period indicating that the company is tying less of its funds in the account receivables and which can be used for other purpose. The receivables collection period of Sainsbury had an increasing trend and the figure stood at 4.79 in the year 2013. The collection period increased to 6.60 and 7.30 in the year 2014 and 2015 respectively. The increase in the collection period is not a good sign as the funds are tied up and there arises the risk of default in the payment made by the debtors(Atrill andMcLaney 2014). Graph 5: Receivables Collection Period Source: (created by author) The inventory turnover period also witnessed a fall. The figure stood at 23.06 in the year 2013 and this fell to 21.92 and 16.76 in the year 2014 and 2015 respectively. The low inventory turnover indicates that the company is not able to sell off its inventories and they are lying idle and there is a lack of liquidity(Collis et al. 2012). The inventory turnover ratio of Sainsbury is more or less stable in the period of analysis. In the year 2013, the figure stood at 16.36, which fell to 16.26 in the year 2014. The turnover period further fell to 16.13 in the year 2015. The fall in the period indicates the overstocking and poor liquidity of the company. Graph 6: Inventory Turnover Period Source: (created by author) Conclusion: The analysis of the performance of two companies have been done suing the ratios and it is concluded that the performance of both the companies is at par. In comparison to few parameters, Sainsbury has outperformed Tesco. Reference and Bibliography: Kuter, M.I., 2013. Introduction to Accounting: textbook.Krasnodar: Prosveshenie-Yug,20(3), p.5. Atrill, P. and McLaney, E., 2014.Accounting and Finance: An Introduction. Pearson Higher Ed. Biondi, Y. and Zambon, S. eds., 2013.Accounting and business economics: Insights from national traditions. Routledge. Black, G. and Al-Kilani, M., 2013.Accounting and finance for business. Pearson Higher Ed. Collis, J., Holt, A. and Hussey, R., 2012.Business accounting: an introduction to financial and management accounting. Palgrave Macmillan. Glaum, M., Baetge, J., Grothe, A. and Oberdrster, T., 2013. Introduction of International Accounting Standards, disclosure quality and accuracy of analysts' earnings forecasts.European Accounting Review,22(1), pp.79-116. Shah, P., 2013. Financial Accounting.OUP Catalogue. Maher, M.W., Stickney, C.P. and Weil, R.L., 2012.Managerial accounting: An introduction to concepts, methods and uses. Cengage Learning. Warren, C.S., Reeve, J.M. and Duchac, J., 2013.Financial managerial accounting. Cengage Learning. Stoer, J. and Bulirsch, R., 2013.Introduction to numerical analysis(Vol. 12). Springer Science Business Media. Giles, R., 2014.Finance Accounting New 4th Edition. Lulu.com. Collier, P.M., 2015.Accounting for managers: Interpreting accounting information for decision making. John Wiley Sons.